Internal Medicine in Phoenix, AZ
941 verified internal medicine doctors in Phoenix. Page 11 of 16.
Internists specialize in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases, often coordinating complex or chronic conditions across multiple systems.
NPPES tenure ≠ clinical experience. "Years on NPPES" is time since the physician first registered a National Provider Identifier, not time practicing medicine. Verify current license status with the state medical board.
Dr. Mohanad Al-Qaisi, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $231.39 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$231.39
Total received
9
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 83th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Mohanad Al-Qaisi do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Bianca Brunelli, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $25.90 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$25.90
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 68th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Bianca Brunelli do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Nithya Krishnaswamy, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Shannon Ursu, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $263.74 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$263.74
Total received
4
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 84th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Shannon Ursu do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. John Anwar, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Anas Mashlah, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sabyasachi Roy, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $27.00 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$27.00
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 68th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Sabyasachi Roy do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Ahmad Al-Khashman, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Namitha Bhat, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $810.84 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$810.84
Total received
15
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 91% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Namitha Bhat do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Rishi Basnyat, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $85.93 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$85.93
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 75th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Rishi Basnyat do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Waddah Hajja, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Neha Gupta, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $2,414 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$2,414
Total received
25
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Neha Gupta do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Suhaireirene Suady Barake, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $79.56 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$79.56
Total received
4
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 74th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Suhaireirene Suady Barake do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Cesar Maderazo, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Leonard Lapenson, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Evan Holdsworth, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $248.36 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$248.36
Total received
13
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 83th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Evan Holdsworth do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Shyam Tangri, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Nawang Sherpa, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ifat Krase, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $231.56 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$231.56
Total received
5
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 83th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Ifat Krase do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michelle Dwulit, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Connie Rohan, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $54.03 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$54.03
Total received
3
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 72th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Connie Rohan do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kriston Zakhary, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Yasmine Kenani, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Michael Debo, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Nedda Alemi, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $41.43 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$41.43
Total received
2
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Nedda Alemi do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Colton Arrant, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Timothy Davis, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ariyah Yeskel, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $443.10 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$443.10
Total received
8
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 87th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Ariyah Yeskel do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Douglas Lewis, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $1,343 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,343
Total received
22
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 93% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Douglas Lewis do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Bradley Anderson, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sarah Corral, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $578.47 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$578.47
Total received
9
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 89th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Sarah Corral do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kurtis Bradley, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $605.28 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$605.28
Total received
5
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 89th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Kurtis Bradley do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Aparna Basnet, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Arooj Kayani, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $3,270 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$3,270
Total received
9
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Arooj Kayani do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Dane Van Tassel, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Elissa Abbruscato, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Geoffrey Orme, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $1,787 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,787
Total received
25
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 95% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Geoffrey Orme do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Margaret Soliman, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $249.43 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$249.43
Total received
3
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 83th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Margaret Soliman do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kaying Xiong, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jonathan Fullner, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Nam Chan, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Cheng Zhong, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $242.77 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$242.77
Total received
3
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 83th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Cheng Zhong do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Karen Sapienza, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $407.43 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$407.43
Total received
4
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 87th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Karen Sapienza do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Fadi Alrabadi, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Wajeeha Saeed, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Marium Muzaffar, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $271.70 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$271.70
Total received
4
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 84th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Marium Muzaffar do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Mohamed Abdelrahman, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $12,528 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$12,528
Total received
265
Transactions
17
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 98% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Mohamed Abdelrahman do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Curtis Thacker, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Myo Myint, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. William Semmens, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Aaron Saunders, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $18.41 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$18.41
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 66th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Aaron Saunders do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kellie Rosinski, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $45.08 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$45.08
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Kellie Rosinski do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Rachel Maurice, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Michael Carchedi, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Elle Ross, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Charles Andrew Chacko, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $2,047 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$2,047
Total received
45
Transactions
19
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 95% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Charles Andrew Chacko do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Elizabeth Bay, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Bryan Morse, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Achal Patel, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $489.65 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$489.65
Total received
11
Transactions
7
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 88th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Achal Patel do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.