Doctors in Cape Coral, FL
307 physicians listed in the NPPES public registry. Page 2 of 6.
NPPES tenure ≠ clinical experience. "Years on NPPES" is time since the physician first registered a National Provider Identifier, not time practicing medicine. Verify current license status with the state medical board.
Dr. Eric Rosenkrantz, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Felix Mestas, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Thomas Teufel, MD
Hematology & Oncology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Luzmary Allen, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Nosheen Mazhar, MD
Rheumatology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Paul Oswiecimski, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Luz Peguero, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Stephen Dreznin, MD
Nephrology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Alan Tannenbaum, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $435.38 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$435.38
Total received
12
Transactions
9
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 87th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Alan Tannenbaum do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Darrick Saunders, DO
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Gamini Sooriyaarachchi, MD
Endocrinology
CMS Open Payments· $1,517 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,517
Total received
80
Transactions
27
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 1,536 endocrinology doctors we've analyzed, about 57% received any industry payment (median $5,101 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 64th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US endocrinology doctors.
Payments to Gamini Sooriyaarachchi do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michael Laufer, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $1,110 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,110
Total received
67
Transactions
17
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 92% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Michael Laufer do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Timothy Everett, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Paul Bretton, MD
Urology
CMS Open Payments· $228.31 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$228.31
Total received
5
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 13,930 urology doctors we've analyzed, about 65% received any industry payment (median $618 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 54th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US urology doctors.
Payments to Paul Bretton do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jasper Rizzo, DO
Urology
CMS Open Payments· $124.00 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$124.00
Total received
6
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 13,930 urology doctors we've analyzed, about 65% received any industry payment (median $618 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 47th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US urology doctors.
Payments to Jasper Rizzo do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Mark Mintz, MD
Urology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. William Evans, MD
Urology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. James Borden, MD
Urology
CMS Open Payments· $16.16 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$16.16
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 13,930 urology doctors we've analyzed, about 65% received any industry payment (median $618 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 36th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US urology doctors.
Payments to James Borden do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. James Gifford, MD
Nephrology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sudha Meraney, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Harris Sachs, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $67.75 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$67.75
Total received
4
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 73th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Harris Sachs do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Donald Moyer, MD
Neurological Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $48.43 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$48.43
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 8,465 neurological surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 62% received any industry payment (median $654 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 44th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US neurological surgery doctors.
Payments to Donald Moyer do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. James Croley, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· $87.71 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$87.71
Total received
5
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 23,451 ophthalmology doctors we've analyzed, about 60% received any industry payment (median $348 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 51th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US ophthalmology doctors.
Payments to James Croley do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Walter Flesner, DO
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $74.74 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$74.74
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 77th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Walter Flesner do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. David Getson, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Tucker Greene, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Frederick Kuhn, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Timothy Dougherty, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $48.67 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$48.67
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 70,367 emergency medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 18% received any industry payment (median $60 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 90% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US emergency medicine doctors.
Payments to Timothy Dougherty do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Carl Schultz, DO
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $13.69 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$13.69
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 70,367 emergency medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 18% received any industry payment (median $60 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 83th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US emergency medicine doctors.
Payments to Carl Schultz do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Tabitha Williams, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $171.56 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$171.56
Total received
10
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 70,367 emergency medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 18% received any industry payment (median $60 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 95% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US emergency medicine doctors.
Payments to Tabitha Williams do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Thomas Seitz, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Elizabeth Scanlon, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. William Hayes, DO
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $1,211 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,211
Total received
63
Transactions
17
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to William Hayes do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Barton Hershfield, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $86.17 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$86.17
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 70,367 emergency medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 18% received any industry payment (median $60 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 92% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US emergency medicine doctors.
Payments to Barton Hershfield do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jack Clark, DO
Rheumatology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Cynthia Willingham, MD
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Michael George, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. William Porter, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ketty Maurice, DO
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $99.80 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$99.80
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 79th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Ketty Maurice do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michele Blair, DO
Diagnostic Radiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Keith Baker, DO
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Dennis Frink, DO
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Aparna Eligeti, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $374.50 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$374.50
Total received
28
Transactions
10
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 86th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Aparna Eligeti do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kurt Mueller, DO
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ariel Figueredo, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $8,503 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$8,503
Total received
18
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 98% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Ariel Figueredo do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Tracy Vo, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $1,938 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,938
Total received
103
Transactions
23
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 95% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Tracy Vo do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michael Haupt, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Patrick, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· $467.81 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$467.81
Total received
25
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 62,108 anesthesiology doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $64 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US anesthesiology doctors.
Payments to John Patrick do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Ramon Pabalan, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Christopher Yuvienco, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $518.78 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$518.78
Total received
9
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 88th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Christopher Yuvienco do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Eric Goldsmith, DO
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Rolando Gonzalez, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $363.01 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$363.01
Total received
25
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 86th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Rolando Gonzalez do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Horace Dansby, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Alan Davick, MD
Psychiatry
CMS Open Payments· $25.97 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$25.97
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 57,336 psychiatry doctors we've analyzed, about 24% received any industry payment (median $180 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 79th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US psychiatry doctors.
Payments to Alan Davick do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Remberto Lopez, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $592.78 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$592.78
Total received
31
Transactions
14
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 92% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Remberto Lopez do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Pedro Vieira, MD
Plastic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $1,389 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,389
Total received
12
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 5,676 plastic surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 63% received any industry payment (median $311 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 88th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US plastic surgery doctors.
Payments to Pedro Vieira do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Olumide Oyeyipo, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $679.15 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$679.15
Total received
37
Transactions
14
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 90% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Olumide Oyeyipo do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Adam Hall, DO
General Practice
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ronald Jacoby, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jose Orellana, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· $21.06 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$21.06
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 17,272 gastroenterology doctors we've analyzed, about 63% received any industry payment (median $623 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 39th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US gastroenterology doctors.
Payments to Jose Orellana do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.