Doctors in Schenectady, NY
366 physicians listed in the NPPES public registry. Page 2 of 7.
NPPES tenure ≠ clinical experience. "Years on NPPES" is time since the physician first registered a National Provider Identifier, not time practicing medicine. Verify current license status with the state medical board.
Verify a license at the New York State Board for Professional Medical Conduct
Dr. Eric Wagle, MD
Diagnostic Radiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Roberta Miller, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Donna Tuttle, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Michelle Antiles, DO
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Patricia Merritt, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $525.26 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$525.26
Total received
28
Transactions
13
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 91% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Patricia Merritt do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Juanito Antonio Reyes, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $1,340 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,340
Total received
66
Transactions
24
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Juanito Antonio Reyes do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Suzanne Murphy, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Mineke Etienne, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jaclyn Shaw, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jeena Madden, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $200.42 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$200.42
Total received
10
Transactions
7
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 85th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Jeena Madden do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Nam Soo Lee, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Beatrice Tsao, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $307.44 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$307.44
Total received
14
Transactions
6
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 83th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Beatrice Tsao do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Esther Moon, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $189.40 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$189.40
Total received
7
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 77th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Esther Moon do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Hee-Joo Cheon-Schingo, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $344.33 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$344.33
Total received
11
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 85th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Hee-Joo Cheon-Schingo do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kerry Ricker, DO
General Practice
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Elaine Cheon-Lee, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $354.93 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$354.93
Total received
15
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 85th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Elaine Cheon-Lee do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Craig Todd, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Naseer Chowdhrey, MD
Neurology
CMS Open Payments· $966.55 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$966.55
Total received
63
Transactions
17
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 22,669 neurology doctors we've analyzed, about 51% received any industry payment (median $640 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 77th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US neurology doctors.
Payments to Naseer Chowdhrey do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Lisa Tharler, DO
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Bharat Langer, MD
Psychiatry
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Anita Burock Stotts, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Dewey, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Philip Marra, MD
Neurological Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Frank Genovese, MD
Neurological Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $137.92 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$137.92
Total received
2
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 8,465 neurological surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 62% received any industry payment (median $654 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 52th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US neurological surgery doctors.
Payments to Frank Genovese do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. John Nolan, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $341.40 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$341.40
Total received
17
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 59th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to John Nolan do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jack Hartley, MD
General Practice
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Christopher Dibble, MD
Pulmonary Disease
CMS Open Payments· $1,825 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,825
Total received
77
Transactions
23
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 13,317 pulmonary disease doctors we've analyzed, about 54% received any industry payment (median $474 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 85th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pulmonary disease doctors.
Payments to Christopher Dibble do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Bethany Broderick, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. William Tetreault, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $33.16 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$33.16
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 73th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to William Tetreault do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Joseph Gerardi, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Parkes, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $304.28 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$304.28
Total received
16
Transactions
12
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 57th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Robert Parkes do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Steven Weitz, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $1,249 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,249
Total received
52
Transactions
13
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 76th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Steven Weitz do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Venkateswararao Voleti, MD
Nephrology
CMS Open Payments· $798.53 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$798.53
Total received
41
Transactions
17
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 10,935 nephrology doctors we've analyzed, about 59% received any industry payment (median $286 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 84th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US nephrology doctors.
Payments to Venkateswararao Voleti do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Oscar Lirio, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Paul Dworkin, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $15.18 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$15.18
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 35th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Paul Dworkin do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Peter Cospito, DO
Infectious Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. David Armenia, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $57.66 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$57.66
Total received
3
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 42th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to David Armenia do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kenneth Coleman, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $32.22 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$32.22
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 69th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Kenneth Coleman do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. David Ford, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $43.52 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$43.52
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 39,537 surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 52% received any industry payment (median $305 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 55th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US surgery doctors.
Payments to David Ford do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Victor Schingo, MD
Plastic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $733.18 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$733.18
Total received
7
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 5,676 plastic surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 63% received any industry payment (median $311 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 81th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US plastic surgery doctors.
Payments to Victor Schingo do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Denis Manor, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $996.82 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$996.82
Total received
34
Transactions
13
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 92% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Denis Manor do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Nancy Barkowski, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Mark Jordan, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Patricia Fox, MD
Plastic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $176.91 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$176.91
Total received
4
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 5,676 plastic surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 63% received any industry payment (median $311 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 60th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US plastic surgery doctors.
Payments to Patricia Fox do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jorge Barlin, MD
General Practice
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Kathleen Pastore, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Chittaranjan Prasad, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Catherine Smitas, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Kennedy, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jonathan Waldman, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $15.00 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$15.00
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 64th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Jonathan Waldman do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Christine Napolitano, DO
Pulmonary Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Nader Okby, MD
Anatomic & Clinical Pathology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Radana Dooley, MD
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
CMS Open Payments· $670.89 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$670.89
Total received
22
Transactions
9
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 15,884 physical medicine & rehabilitation doctors we've analyzed, about 27% received any industry payment (median $149 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 94% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US physical medicine & rehabilitation doctors.
Payments to Radana Dooley do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Sonya Sidhu-Izzo, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Francois Vachon, DO
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $205.70 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$205.70
Total received
9
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 85th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Francois Vachon do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Susan Kessler-Schwartz, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· $962.43 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$962.43
Total received
33
Transactions
7
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 23,451 ophthalmology doctors we've analyzed, about 60% received any industry payment (median $348 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 85th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US ophthalmology doctors.
Payments to Susan Kessler-Schwartz do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Colleen Dibble, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Melissa Foye-Petrillo, DO
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Benoit Tonneau, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Barry Lindenberg, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.