Doctors in Cincinnati, OH
4746 physicians listed in the NPPES public registry. Page 24 of 80.
NPPES tenure ≠ clinical experience. "Years on NPPES" is time since the physician first registered a National Provider Identifier, not time practicing medicine. Verify current license status with the state medical board.
Dr. Marc Orlando, MD
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
CMS Open Payments· $30,653 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$30,653
Total received
45
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 15,884 physical medicine & rehabilitation doctors we've analyzed, about 27% received any industry payment (median $149 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 99% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US physical medicine & rehabilitation doctors.
Payments to Marc Orlando do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Robert Hummel, MD
Plastic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $321.12 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$321.12
Total received
9
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 5,676 plastic surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 63% received any industry payment (median $311 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 69th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US plastic surgery doctors.
Payments to Robert Hummel do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. John Weintz, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Laura Sams, MD
Neurology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Lois Deaton, MD
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Leela Vrishabhendra, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $33,689 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$33,689
Total received
6
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 98% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Leela Vrishabhendra do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Melanie Spaedy, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $46.27 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$46.27
Total received
3
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Melanie Spaedy do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Yana Kholodenko, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $210.49 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$210.49
Total received
11
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 82th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Yana Kholodenko do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Elliott Fegelman, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Peter Kambelos, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Rajesh Govindaiah, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Deborah Droder, MD
General Practice
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Daniel Woo, MD
Neurology
CMS Open Payments· $461.05 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$461.05
Total received
4
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 22,669 neurology doctors we've analyzed, about 51% received any industry payment (median $640 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 72th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US neurology doctors.
Payments to Daniel Woo do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Pamela Lachniet, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $372.53 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$372.53
Total received
19
Transactions
10
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 95% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to Pamela Lachniet do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Robert Neel, MD
Neurology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Joseph Nicolas, MD
Neurology
CMS Open Payments· $532.51 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$532.51
Total received
32
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 22,669 neurology doctors we've analyzed, about 51% received any industry payment (median $640 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 73th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US neurology doctors.
Payments to Joseph Nicolas do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Sigmund Sugarman, MD
Urology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Joanna Nacopoulos, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. William Tobler, MD
Neurological Surgery
CMS Open Payments· $529.03 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$529.03
Total received
7
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 8,465 neurological surgery doctors we've analyzed, about 62% received any industry payment (median $654 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 67th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US neurological surgery doctors.
Payments to William Tobler do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Angela Morriss, MD
Neurology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Quinlan, MD
Neurology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Roderick Huff, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Michael Privitera, MD
Neurology
CMS Open Payments· $30,633 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$30,633
Total received
35
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 22,669 neurology doctors we've analyzed, about 51% received any industry payment (median $640 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 93% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US neurology doctors.
Payments to Michael Privitera do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Erin Baldos, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Michael Rousseau, MD
Urology
CMS Open Payments· $2,199 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$2,199
Total received
44
Transactions
14
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 13,930 urology doctors we've analyzed, about 65% received any industry payment (median $618 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 86th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US urology doctors.
Payments to Michael Rousseau do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. David Draper, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $84,531 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$84,531
Total received
15
Transactions
9
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 99% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to David Draper do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Antonio Rojas, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Janice Roeder, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Hurd, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sai Gundavarpu, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Kim Fodor, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ronald Gall, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $1,092 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,092
Total received
77
Transactions
13
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 92% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Ronald Gall do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Lee Shaftel, MD
Orthopaedic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Gregory Szumlas, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Kristin Stackpole, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Michael Nordlund, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· $4,069 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$4,069
Total received
16
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 23,451 ophthalmology doctors we've analyzed, about 60% received any industry payment (median $348 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 93% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US ophthalmology doctors.
Payments to Michael Nordlund do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Robert Osher, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· $88,959 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$88,959
Total received
28
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 23,451 ophthalmology doctors we've analyzed, about 60% received any industry payment (median $348 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 98% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US ophthalmology doctors.
Payments to Robert Osher do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Daniel Miller, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· $154,430 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$154,430
Total received
41
Transactions
9
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 23,451 ophthalmology doctors we've analyzed, about 60% received any industry payment (median $348 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 99% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US ophthalmology doctors.
Payments to Daniel Miller do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Andrew Robbins, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· $19.27 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$19.27
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 23,451 ophthalmology doctors we've analyzed, about 60% received any industry payment (median $348 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 42th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US ophthalmology doctors.
Payments to Andrew Robbins do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kelly Mclean, MD
General Practice
CMS Open Payments· $95.79 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$95.79
Total received
3
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 13,209 general practice doctors we've analyzed, about 25% received any industry payment (median $145 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 85th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US general practice doctors.
Payments to Kelly Mclean do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Elizabeth Shely, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Evan Yeung, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $399.23 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$399.23
Total received
24
Transactions
9
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to Evan Yeung do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Elizabeth Templin, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Kimberly Seltzer, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $1,164 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,164
Total received
64
Transactions
11
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 93% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Kimberly Seltzer do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Terrence Carrigan, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Karen Barnes, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Emmett Cooper, MD
Psychiatry
CMS Open Payments· $1,779 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,779
Total received
8
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 57,336 psychiatry doctors we've analyzed, about 24% received any industry payment (median $180 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 97% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US psychiatry doctors.
Payments to Emmett Cooper do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Corwin Smith, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Donald Jacobs, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Stewart Krug, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Karen Szczepanski, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $99.09 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$99.09
Total received
6
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 85th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to Karen Szczepanski do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Robert Smith, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Umakant Patel, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Theresa Aurand, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $99.14 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$99.14
Total received
4
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 76th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Theresa Aurand do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Elizabeth Kelly, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $13.00 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$13.00
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 54th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to Elizabeth Kelly do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Mona Mansour, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Bruns, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $409.02 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$409.02
Total received
22
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to John Bruns do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Renate Thomas, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Geoffrey Rose, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $121.58 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$121.58
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 77th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Geoffrey Rose do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Joby Varghese, MD
Anesthesiology
CMS Open Payments· $39.01 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$39.01
Total received
2
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 62,108 anesthesiology doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $64 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 82th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US anesthesiology doctors.
Payments to Joby Varghese do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.