Doctors in San Antonio, TX
6414 physicians listed in the NPPES public registry. Page 7 of 107.
NPPES tenure ≠ clinical experience. "Years on NPPES" is time since the physician first registered a National Provider Identifier, not time practicing medicine. Verify current license status with the state medical board.
Dr. Timothy Kosmatka, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Edmund Williams, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $23,218 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$23,218
Total received
130
Transactions
21
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 99% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Edmund Williams do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Mala Appachi, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $70.32 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$70.32
Total received
4
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 83th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to Mala Appachi do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Marc Chalaby, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $3,203 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$3,203
Total received
72
Transactions
20
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Marc Chalaby do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Michael Guirl, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· $40,137 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$40,137
Total received
63
Transactions
16
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 17,272 gastroenterology doctors we've analyzed, about 63% received any industry payment (median $623 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US gastroenterology doctors.
Payments to Michael Guirl do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Alberto Carranza, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Swan, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Dwight Townsend, MD
Diagnostic Radiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Lawrence Tatum, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Patrick Masters, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Fred Goldner, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Wassim Choucair, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $10,392 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$10,392
Total received
103
Transactions
20
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 91% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Wassim Choucair do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Sridhar Vasireddy, MD
Pain Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $1,790 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,790
Total received
54
Transactions
8
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 2,326 pain medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 72% received any industry payment (median $621 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 82th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pain medicine doctors.
Payments to Sridhar Vasireddy do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Gerardo Vazquez, MD
General Practice
CMS Open Payments· $1,575 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,575
Total received
59
Transactions
13
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 13,209 general practice doctors we've analyzed, about 25% received any industry payment (median $145 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 97% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US general practice doctors.
Payments to Gerardo Vazquez do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. James Thomas, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $99.79 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$99.79
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 76th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to James Thomas do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. John Anes, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Rafael Santiago, MD
Sleep Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Sims, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Ernesto Torres, MD
Diagnostic Radiology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Mario Garza, MD
Gastroenterology
CMS Open Payments· $40,598 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$40,598
Total received
84
Transactions
15
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 17,272 gastroenterology doctors we've analyzed, about 63% received any industry payment (median $623 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US gastroenterology doctors.
Payments to Mario Garza do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Judy Jordan Thomas, MD
Dermatology
CMS Open Payments· $811.29 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$811.29
Total received
7
Transactions
7
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 16,166 dermatology doctors we've analyzed, about 64% received any industry payment (median $642 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 71th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US dermatology doctors.
Payments to Judy Jordan Thomas do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Charles Holshouser, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. David Popp, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $88.44 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$88.44
Total received
5
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 84th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to David Popp do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Daniel Kellum, DO
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $1,591 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,591
Total received
109
Transactions
21
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 97% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Daniel Kellum do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Sanjay Kumar, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $2,752 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$2,752
Total received
131
Transactions
21
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Sanjay Kumar do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jay Rubin, MD
Ophthalmology
CMS Open Payments· $4,069 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$4,069
Total received
4
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 23,451 ophthalmology doctors we've analyzed, about 60% received any industry payment (median $348 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 93% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US ophthalmology doctors.
Payments to Jay Rubin do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Markham Brown, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Miller, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. George Schneider, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Carl Meier, MD
Endocrinology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jennifer Wallace, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $30.20 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$30.20
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 69th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Jennifer Wallace do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. G Taylor, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Kottman, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Wendy Whitford, DO
Diagnostic Radiology
CMS Open Payments· $24.76 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$24.76
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 45,487 diagnostic radiology doctors we've analyzed, about 22% received any industry payment (median $144 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 82th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US diagnostic radiology doctors.
Payments to Wendy Whitford do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jorge Martinez-Prieto, MD
Neurology
CMS Open Payments· $4,108 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$4,108
Total received
263
Transactions
29
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 22,669 neurology doctors we've analyzed, about 51% received any industry payment (median $640 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 87th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US neurology doctors.
Payments to Jorge Martinez-Prieto do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jeffrey Hoefle, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Claudia Aguero, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Kellie Griffith, MD
Psychiatry
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Daniel Flood, MD
Nephrology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Armando Quinones, MD
General Practice
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Kellum, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· $487.92 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$487.92
Total received
26
Transactions
12
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 47,072 obstetrics & gynecology doctors we've analyzed, about 47% received any industry payment (median $178 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 89th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US obstetrics & gynecology doctors.
Payments to John Kellum do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jennifer Brody, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $370.29 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$370.29
Total received
10
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 86th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Jennifer Brody do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Scott Mcglynn, DO
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $92.50 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$92.50
Total received
5
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 75th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Scott Mcglynn do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Kathryn Stephens, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $37.50 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$37.50
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 79th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to Kathryn Stephens do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Tonya Rans-Nigro, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Evan Guz, MD
Emergency Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Eric Schaffer, MD
Plastic Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Concepcion Martinez, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Johnson, DO
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Jeffrey Harris, MD
Neurology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Luis Lopez, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $546.01 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$546.01
Total received
23
Transactions
10
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 97% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to Luis Lopez do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Mark Rittenhouse, MD
Surgery
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Borrego, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $95.07 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$95.07
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 75th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Robert Borrego do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Scott Duncan, MD
Dermatology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Dixie Mccrory, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Ross, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $21.97 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$21.97
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 70th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Robert Ross do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Paul Quesada, MD
Pediatrics
CMS Open Payments· $31.24 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$31.24
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 84,711 pediatrics doctors we've analyzed, about 29% received any industry payment (median $101 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 77th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US pediatrics doctors.
Payments to Paul Quesada do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Cristina Cortez, MD
Family Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $855.28 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$855.28
Total received
45
Transactions
13
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 136,402 family medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 35% received any industry payment (median $151 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 94% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US family medicine doctors.
Payments to Cristina Cortez do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Sarah Page-Ramsey, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Lorraine Shirley-Wenzel, MD
Internal Medicine
CMS Open Payments· $24.14 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$24.14
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 183,896 internal medicine doctors we've analyzed, about 37% received any industry payment (median $195 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 68th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US internal medicine doctors.
Payments to Lorraine Shirley-Wenzel do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.