Cardiovascular Disease in Seattle, WA
159 verified cardiovascular disease doctors in Seattle. Page 2 of 3.
Cardiologists diagnose and treat conditions of the heart and blood vessels, including heart disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure.
NPPES tenure ≠ clinical experience. "Years on NPPES" is time since the physician first registered a National Provider Identifier, not time practicing medicine. Verify current license status with the state medical board.
Dr. Francis Kim, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $313,319 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$313,319
Total received
10
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 99% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Francis Kim do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. David Panther, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Petersen, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $8,742 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$8,742
Total received
12
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 90% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to John Petersen do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Stephen Hubbard, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. David Warth, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Nathaniel Arcega, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Margaret Hall, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Julie Heyn, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Gary Weeks, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Howard Lewis, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. George Frank, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Nathan Every, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Larry Dean, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $4,081 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$4,081
Total received
3
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 87th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Larry Dean do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Marshall Corson, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Michael Chen, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $15.65 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$15.65
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 35th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Michael Chen do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Elina Minami, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $148.76 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$148.76
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 49th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Elina Minami do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. B Stewart, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Catherine Otto, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Alan Pearlman, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Karen Stout, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. George Gey, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Pathmaja Paramsothy, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Daniel Wilkinson, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $1,760 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$1,760
Total received
14
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 80th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Daniel Wilkinson do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Marko Yakovlevitch, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Curtis Burnett, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. James Clifton, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Louis Zibelli, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Arthur Resnick, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sara Weiss, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $94.74 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$94.74
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 45th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Sara Weiss do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Rosario Freeman, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Kristen Patton, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. James Fritz, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Stephen Dodge, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $291.69 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$291.69
Total received
5
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 57th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Stephen Dodge do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. April Stempien-Otero, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $7,009 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$7,009
Total received
7
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 89th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to April Stempien-Otero do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Thomas Sawyer, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $706.11 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$706.11
Total received
22
Transactions
12
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 68th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Thomas Sawyer do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Mehrdad Farid, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $14.19 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$14.19
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 35th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Mehrdad Farid do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Eben Tucker, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Daniel Fishbein, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Robert Rho, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $7,338 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$7,338
Total received
6
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 89th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Robert Rho do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jeanne Poole, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $18,896 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$18,896
Total received
30
Transactions
4
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 93% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Jeanne Poole do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Douglas Stewart, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Sameer Gafoor, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $410,186 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$410,186
Total received
147
Transactions
6
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 99% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Sameer Gafoor do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Shin Lin, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $159.83 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$159.83
Total received
2
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 50th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Shin Lin do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jad Swingle, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $4,621 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$4,621
Total received
36
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 87th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Jad Swingle do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Tina Shah, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. John Murray, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Farid Moussavi-Harami, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Younghoon Kwon, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $38,748 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$38,748
Total received
32
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 95% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Younghoon Kwon do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Gerhard Weber, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Nazem Akoum, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $160,745 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$160,745
Total received
25
Transactions
3
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 98% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Nazem Akoum do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Vimal Rabdiya, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Christopher Longenecker, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $600.00 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$600.00
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 66th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Christopher Longenecker do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Babak Nazer, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $21,051 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$21,051
Total received
22
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 93% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Babak Nazer do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Jesse Cone, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Richard Cheng, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $24.49 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$24.49
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 38th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Richard Cheng do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Toshimasa Okabe, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $47,407 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$47,407
Total received
57
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is higher than 96% of that group — among the highest recipients.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Toshimasa Okabe do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Bhanu Gupta, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $6,797 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$6,797
Total received
13
Transactions
5
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total ranks around the 89th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Bhanu Gupta do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Aneet Patel, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· No payments in 2023
Industry Payments
No industry payments on record in the 2023 CMS Open Payments data. This doctor received no reported payments from drug or device makers that year.
Dr. Stephen Farris, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $16.40 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$16.40
Total received
1
Transactions
1
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 36th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Stephen Farris do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.
Dr. Ahmet Toprak, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
CMS Open Payments· $30.50 (2023)
Industry Payments (2023)
Reported by drug and device makers to CMS Open Payments. These payments are legal and disclosed — shown as context, not a judgment.
$30.50
Total received
2
Transactions
2
Paying companies
Top paying companies
Among the 26,323 cardiovascular disease doctors we've analyzed, about 66% received any industry payment (median $653 among those who did). This doctor's total is on the lower end — around the 39th percentile of that group.
Benchmark reflects doctors we've analyzed, not all US cardiovascular disease doctors.
Payments to Ahmet Toprak do not imply any wrongdoing. Many are meals, education, or research support.